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Article

Characterization of Flavonoids in the Ethomedicine Fordiae Cauliflorae Radix and Its Adulterant Millettiae Pulchrae Radix by HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn

by
Lan-Lan Fan
1,2,†,
Tao Yi
1,†,
Feng Xu
3,
Ya-Zhou Zhang
2,
Jian-Ye Zhang
1,
Dian-Peng Li
4,
Yang-Jiao Xie
5,
Shan-Ding Qin
2 and
Hu-Biao Chen
1,*
1
School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
2
Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, China
3
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
4
Guangxi Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Science, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China
5
School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi 530001, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Molecules 2013, 18(12), 15134-15152; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181215134
Submission received: 14 October 2013 / Revised: 26 November 2013 / Accepted: 4 December 2013 / Published: 9 December 2013
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Fordiae Cauliflorae Radix (FC, the root of Fordia cauliflora Hemsl) and Millettiae Pulchrae Radix [MP, the root of Millettia pulchra (Benth.) Kurz var. laxior (Dunn) Z. Wei], which go under the same local name of “Daluosan”, have long been used in Southern China for the treatment of stroke, paralysis, dementia in children, Alzheimer’s disease and other diseases. The same local name and similar functions always confuse users. To further utilize these two ethnodrugs and identify them unambiguously, an HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn method was developed to separate and characterize the flavonoids in FC and MP. A total of 41 flavonoids were detected, of which six compounds were identified by comparing their retention time and MS data with those of the reference standards, and the others were tentatively identified based on their tandem mass spectrometry data obtained in the positive ion detection mode. Nineteen of these characterized compounds are reported from these two plants for the first time.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Fordiae Cauliflorae Radix, the Yao medicine from Guangxi Province of China, also named Daluosan, Shuiluosan, Tugancao or Xiaxudou, originates from the root of the Leguminosae family member Fordia cauliflora Hemsl (Figure 1A) [1,2,3]. It has been used for the treatment of stroke, paralysis, dementia in children, Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain injury and recovery of parturients for over five hundred years. Pharmacological studies have shown that its ethanol extract can improve learning and memory ability and reverse acquired memory disorder in mice [4,5], and that it has anti-aging [6], anti-inflammatory [7], hepatoprotective [8] and antioxidative [8] effects. Phytochemical studies have showed that the major constituents of FC are flavanoids, and the common chemical types are furanoflavones and pyranoflavones [2,9,10].
Molecules 18 15134 g001 550
Figure 1. Photographs of Fordiae Cauliflorae Radix (A) and Millettiae Pulchrae Radix (B).
Figure 1. Photographs of Fordiae Cauliflorae Radix (A) and Millettiae Pulchrae Radix (B).
Molecules 18 15134 g001
However, the local people often confuse FC with another Yao medicine, Millettiae Pulchrae Radix (MP), the root of Millettia pulchra (Benth.) Kurz var. laxior (Dunn) Z. Wei, which is also named Daluosan, Yulangsan, or Longyansen (Figure 1B) [3]. It was first recorded in the Guangxi Herb Journal [9], and expresses similar activities as FC, such as for the treatment of children with infantile malnutrition, or activating blood circulation to dissipate blood stasis [3,10]. Recent studies showed that MP had a wide range of biological cardiovascular system activities [11]. It also has nootropic effects [12], is able to protect the liver [13] and has the ability to scavenge oxygen free radicals [14].
As we know, naturally derived products play an important role as a source of medicines. Ethno-medicine development is a hotspot of global drug development. The reported literatures and folk usages of FC and MP indicated that these two Yao medicines have great potential in the treatment of cardiocerebral, vascular and nervous system diseases. However, the confusion of the two medicines and the lack of reports on the global analysis of their chemical constituents, hinder the further development of both medicines. We previously quantified five flavonoids in 15 F. cauliflora samples, including root, stem and leaves, and two root samples of M. pulchra var. laxior, and tried to compare the UPLC fingerprints of the two medicines [15]. Results showed that the UPLC fingerprints of FC and MP were quite consistent within species, but distinct from each other. However, more information should be provided. For further development of FC and MP there is an urgent need to elucidate the chemical constituents of these two plants. In this paper, we choose representative samples of FC and MP, and set up a HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn method to illustrate their chemical characteristic details.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Optimization of HPLC Conditions

In order to obtain desirable HPLC chromatograms, the procedure of sample preparation was optimized in terms of the extraction solvent, extraction times of flavonoids. Four different solvents, including methanol, 80% methanol, 50% methanol and ethanol, were selected as the extraction solvents. Methanol produced the highest yield for most constituents, so it was applied as the final extraction solvent. Different columns (Merck Purospher® Star RP18, Agela Venusil ASB C18, and Dionex Acclaim® PolarAdvantage II C18) were tested for the separation of the sample. By comparison, the Dionex Acclaim® PolarAdvantage II C18 gave the best chromatographic resolution among the three columns. For the mobile phase, 0.1% (v/v) formic acid was added to improve the mass spectrometry ionization efficiency and enable symmetric peak shapes. The detection wavelength was set at 258 nm, at which most flavonoid components can be detected with greatest sensitivity. The HPLC PDA chromatograms and LC/MS base peak chromatograms (BPC) of FC and MP are given in Figure 2.

2.2. Optimization of Mass Spectrometry Conditions

Both the positive and negative ion modes were tested for the reference flavonoids. Since during our study, MS and MSn fragmentions gave more information in positive ion mode, analysis was therefore conducted in positive ion mode.
Molecules 18 15134 g002 550
Figure 2. Base peak chromatograms (BPC) of (A) Fordiae Cauliflorae Radix and (B) Millettiae Pulchrae Radix, HPLC chromatograms of (C) Fordiae Cauliflorae Radix and (D) Millettiae Pulchrae Radix. Numbered compounds correspond to: 18, m/z 353.1071, pachycarin A; 25, m/z 323.0909, 3',4'-dimethoxy [2",3":7,8]furanoflavone; 29, m/z 293.0796, karanjin; 39, m/z 279.0641, pongaglabol; 40, m/z 335.1270, karanjachromene and 41, m/z 323.1617, isoderricin A.
Figure 2. Base peak chromatograms (BPC) of (A) Fordiae Cauliflorae Radix and (B) Millettiae Pulchrae Radix, HPLC chromatograms of (C) Fordiae Cauliflorae Radix and (D) Millettiae Pulchrae Radix. Numbered compounds correspond to: 18, m/z 353.1071, pachycarin A; 25, m/z 323.0909, 3',4'-dimethoxy [2",3":7,8]furanoflavone; 29, m/z 293.0796, karanjin; 39, m/z 279.0641, pongaglabol; 40, m/z 335.1270, karanjachromene and 41, m/z 323.1617, isoderricin A.
Molecules 18 15134 g002

2.3. Rationale for the Characterization of Flavonoids

Known compounds in the herbal extract were identified by comparing with reference compounds according to the retention time and MSn spectra. Six peaks were identified by comparing with reference standards as pachycarin A (18), 3',4'-dimethoxy[2",3":7,8]furanoflavone (25), karanjin (29), pongaglabol (39), karanjachromene (40) and isoderricin A (41). All reference compounds exhibited [M+H]+ ions of sufficient abundance in MS. The MSn spectra obtained from the reference compounds allowed us to propose the possible schemes for the fragmentation pathways of furanoflavones and pyranoflavones, and this information was used to elucidate the structure of unknown compounds.
A database (the Supplementary information-Table S1) was set up according to the reported chemicals isolated from F. cauliflora and M. pulchra var. laxior, including chemical names, structures, molecular formulae, molecular weights and so on. The elucidation procedure of unknown compounds was as follows: first of all, the molecular formulae of unknown compounds were calculated from their HRMS data, and the characteristic fragments of them were also summarized, and then the information was compared with the database. If the molecular formulae and the major fragment ions of certain compounds matched the reported chemicals in the database, their structures were elucidated. However, if the molecular formulae could not be matched with any chemicals in the database, or the molecular formulae could be matched with the database but the major fragment ions could not be matched, then they will be compared with the data retrieved in SciFinder, Dictionary of Natural Products and so on. The most plausible structure was elucidated through comprehensive analysis of MSn data. The UV spectra of the chemicals were also used to judge their structures. Meanwhile, the characteristic neutral losses of 16 Da (CH4), 18 Da (H2O), 28 Da (CO), 29 Da (HCO), 31 Da (CH4+CH3), 33 Da (H2O+CH3), 43 Da (CO+CH3), 44 Da (CO2), 46 Da (H2O+CO), and 61 Da (CO+H2O+CH3) were also frequently observed in their MS2 and MS3 spectra. A total of 41 flavonoids were characterized (Table 1). Nineteen compounds were reported from FC and MP for the first time. The tentatively identified structures and compound names are shown in Figure 3.

2.3.1. Identification of Furonoflavonoids

The pseudo-molecule ion [M+H]+ of 3',4'-dimethoxy(2",3":7,8)furanoflavone, peak 25, in the positive ion mode was m/z 323.0909, indicating that its molecular formula was C19H14O5 (Table 1). It loses one and two methyl radicals (CH3) in its MS2 spectra, and formed the base peaks of [M+H–15]+ and [M+H–30]+ at m/z 308.0641 (C18H12O5) and 293.0442 (C17H9O5), respectively. It also further generated the characteristic ions at m/z 161.0230 (C9H5O3) and 163.0784 (C10H11O2) in its MS2 spectrum (Figure 4A). It could be deduced that the dominating fragmentation pathway was retro-Diels-Alder (RDA) cleavage from the 1,3-position of the C-ring. And the 1,3A+ ion, m/z 161.02 (C9H5O3) was the characteristic fragment ion of furanoflavone. The proposed fragmentation pathway can be seen in Figure 5.
Molecules 18 15134 g003 550
Figure 3. Structures of reference compounds and identified compounds.
Figure 3. Structures of reference compounds and identified compounds.
Molecules 18 15134 g003
Molecules 18 15134 g004 550
Figure 4. ESI-MS/MS of selected ions from the chromatograms presented in Figure 2: (A) m/z 323.0909, compound 25, 3',4'-dimethoxy(2",3":7,8)furanoflavone; (B) m/z 335.1270, compound 40, karanjachromene; (C) m/z 339.1128, compound 11, β,2',5'-trimethoxyfurano [4'',5'':3',4']-chalcone; (D) m/z 285.0755, compound 1, (−)-maackiain; (E) m/z 255.0642, compound 3, 7,4'-dihydroxyisoflavone; (F) m/z 323.1617, compound 41, isoderricin A; (G) m/z 337.1428, compound 33, 7-methoxyl-8-(3''-hydroxy-3''-methyl-1''-butenyl)-flavone; (H) m/z 291.0649, compound 16, pongarotene.
Figure 4. ESI-MS/MS of selected ions from the chromatograms presented in Figure 2: (A) m/z 323.0909, compound 25, 3',4'-dimethoxy(2",3":7,8)furanoflavone; (B) m/z 335.1270, compound 40, karanjachromene; (C) m/z 339.1128, compound 11, β,2',5'-trimethoxyfurano [4'',5'':3',4']-chalcone; (D) m/z 285.0755, compound 1, (−)-maackiain; (E) m/z 255.0642, compound 3, 7,4'-dihydroxyisoflavone; (F) m/z 323.1617, compound 41, isoderricin A; (G) m/z 337.1428, compound 33, 7-methoxyl-8-(3''-hydroxy-3''-methyl-1''-butenyl)-flavone; (H) m/z 291.0649, compound 16, pongarotene.
Molecules 18 15134 g004
The molecular formulae of compounds 10, 17, 26 and 29 were determined to be C18H12O4 according to their HRMS data (Table 1). Compound 29 was identified as karanjin by reference [16]. Karanjin contained a 3-methoxyl moiety, and it loses a CH3 and CH4 in its MS2 spectrum. In the PI MS2 spectra of both compounds 10 and 17, the characteristic fragment ions at m/z 278.06 (predicted to be C17H10O4) and m/z 176.01 (C9H5O4, 1,3A+) formed by RDA clearage suggested that the methoxyl group was link to the A-ring. According to the reported chemicals from the FC, compounds 10 and 17 were tentatively identified as O-methylpongaglabol [17] and pinnatin [18], respectively. By contrast, the fragment ions at m/z 250.06 (C16H10O3, [M+H-CH3-CO]+, base peak) and 161.02 (C9H5O3, 1,3A+) were observed in the MS2 spectrum of compound 26, indicating that the methoxyl group was linked to the B-ring. Therefore, 26 was tentatively identified as cauliflorin A according to the reported literature [18].
Molecules 18 15134 g005 550
Figure 5. Proposed fragmentation pathways for compound 25, 3',4'-dimethoxy(2'',3'': 7,8)-furanoflavone.
Figure 5. Proposed fragmentation pathways for compound 25, 3',4'-dimethoxy(2'',3'': 7,8)-furanoflavone.
Molecules 18 15134 g005
The predicted molecular formulae of compounds 4 and 8 were C18H12O5 based on their HRMS data (Table 1). In their MS2 spectra, the characteristic ions at m/z 294.05 (C17H10O5, [M+H-CH3]+) and m/z 176.01 (C9H4O4, 1,3A+) were detected in compound 4, while the characteristic ions at m/z 294.05 (C17H10O5, [M+H-CH3]+), m/z 266.06 (C16H9O4, [M+H-CH3-CO]+) and m/z 161.02 (C9H5O3, 1,3A+) were detected in compound 8. Therefore, the hydroxyl group was linked to the A-ring of compound 4, while for compound 8 was B-ring or C-ring. So they were tentatively identified as pongapinnol D [19] and pongapinnol C by comparing with the reported chemicals in the Millettia genus [18], respectively.
The molecular formulae of compounds 15 and 39 were determined to be C17H10O4 according to their HRMS data (Table 1). Compound 39 was identified as pongaglabol by comparing with the reference compound [15]. In its PI MS2 spectrum, the fragment ions at m/z 149.02 (C8H5O3, 1,4A+) and m/z 177.01 (C9H5O4, 1,3A+) were observed. However, the fragment ions at m/z 149.02 (C8H5O3, 1,4A+) and m/z 176.01 (C9H4O4, 1,3A+) were also detected in compound 15, which means that its hydroxy group was link to the A-ring. So compound 15 was tentatively identified as 7-hydroxyfurano[2'',3'':5,6]flavone by comparing with the literature [20].

2.3.2. Identification of Pyranoflavonoids

Compound 40 was identified as karanjachromene, a pyranoflavone, by the reference [15]. The molecular formula was calculated to be C21H18O4 based on HRMS data (Table 1). In the MS2 spectrum (Figure 4B), the fragment ions at m/z 317.1153 (C21H17O3, [M-H2O]+), m/z 305.0808 (C19H13O4, [M-2CH3]+), and m/z 187.0387 (C11H7O3, 1,4A+) were observed. So the characteristic ions at m/z 187.04 (C11H7O3, 1,4A+) or its hydroxyl substitute ions can be treated as the judgment of pyranoflavnoids.
The molecular formula of compound 19 was determined to be C21H18O5 according to its HRMS data (Table 1). In its MS2 spectrum, m/z 321.0751 (C19H13O5, [M-2CH3]+), m/z 279.0685 (C17H11O4, [M-2CH3-CH2-CO]+) and m/z 205.07 (C11H9O4, 1,4A+) were observed. According to the report, compound 19 was tentatively identified as 6-hydroxy-3-methoxy-6'',6''-dimethylpyrano[2'',3'':7,8]flavone [21].

2.3.3. Identification of Chalcones

The molecular formula of compound 11 was determined to be C20H18O5 according to its HRMS data (Table 1). The RDA cleavage of it at bond Y to yield the base peak ion YA+ at m/z 205.0487 (elemental composition: C11H9O4) and at bond X to yield the minor ion XB+ at m/z 161.0584 (elemental composition: C10H9O2) could also be simultaneously detected in the MS2 spectrum. The YA+ fragment also loses one and two methyl radicals (CH3) in its MS2 spectra (Figure 4C) means that the A ring contains two methoxy moieties [22]. The fragmentation pathway was highly similar with what happened to flavanones. This is reasonable because cyclization of 6'-hydroxychalcones to flavanones has been reported in a number of studies demonstrating the presence of an intramolecular equilibrium between a flavanone-type and a chalcone-type molecular ion [23].

2.3.4. Identification of Pterocarpin, Isoflavone, Flavones, Flavonones and Rotenoids

Compounds 1, 2 and 7 were pterocarpans. Referring to compound 1 for example, its predicted formula was C16H12O5 (Table 1), the RDA cleavage fragment ion at m/z 137.0235 (elemental composition: C7H5O3) was observed (Figure 4D) and in accordance with its structure [24].
Compounds 3 and 12 were isoflavones. The predicted molecular formulae of compounds 3 and 12 were C15H10O4 and C16H12O4, respectively, based on their HRMS data (Table 1). The characteristic fragment ion at m/z 137.02 (C7H5O3, 1,3A+), which was produced after RDA cleavage from the 1,3-position of the C-ring, both existed in their MS2 spectra (Figure 4E) [21].
Compounds 5 and 41 were flavonones. Compound 41 was identified by comparing with the reference compound (Figure 3) and literature [15], its MS2 spectrum is showed in Figure 4F. Compound 5 lost a CH4 in its MS2 spectrum, and no characteristic ion at m/z 161.02 (C9H5O3, 1,3A+) was detected, so it is not a flavone, and it was identified as milletenin B according to the literature [25], a flavonone. Compounds 6 and 33 were tentatively identified as 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-6-methylflavone [26] and 7-methoxyl-8-(3''-hydroxy-3''-methyl-1''-butenyl)-flavone [27], respectively. The MS2 spectrum of compound 33 is given in Figure 4G.
Compound 16 was a rotenoid. The major fragment ions in its MS2 spectrum (Figure 4H) resulted from losing 28 Da (CO) and 18 Da (H2O) [28].

2.3.5. Chemical Characteristics of FC and MP

The base peak chromatograms (BPC) and PDA chromatograms of FC and MP are shown in Figure 2. In total, 41 flavanoids, including two isoflavones (two known), three pterocarpans (three known), one rotenoid, 10 chalcones (two known), 14 furanoflavones (nine known), seven pyranoflavones (four known), two flavones (one known), and two flavonones (one known) were tentatively identified, and the peak area of each compound calculated from their extracted ion chromatograms (EICs) was shown in Table 1. This is the first report of 19 chemicals from the two ethnomedicines. Some peaks were too weak to be seen clearly in the base peak chromatograms (BPCs).
Among the 41 peaks, 37 peaks were detected in FC, including 14 furanoflavones, seven pyranoflavones, eight chalcones, two isoflavones, two flavones, two flavonones and two pterocapans. Furanoflavones, pyranoflavones and chalcones are the major chemical types. However, only 15 peaks were detected in MP, including two furanoflavones, four pyranoflavones, three chalcones, two isoflavones, one rotenoid, one flavone and two pterocapans. Thus, furanoflavones were the major flavonoid chemical types in FC, while for MP the major types were chalcones and pyranoflavones. There are 11 common peaks, which are (−)-maackiain (1), 7,4'-dihydroxyisoflavone (3), 7-hydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone (12), 7-hydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone (21), lanceolatin B (23), karanjin (29), isopongaflavone (30), 7-methoxyl-8-(3''-hydroxy-3''-methyl-1''-butenyl)-flavone (33), 4',7-dimethoxy-8-prenylisoflavone (37), 6'',6''-dimethylpyrano[2'',3'':7,8]flavone (38) and karanjachromene (40), between FC and MP.

2.3.6. Identification of FC and MP

Our previous report showed that karanjin (29) was the major common peak between FC and MP, and pachycarin A (18), 3',4'-dimethoxy[2",3":7,8]furanoflavone (25), karanjachromene (40) and isoderricin A (41) can be used to differentiate between FC and MP samples [15]. However, this study indicated there were 26 compounds which were detected in FC and were not in MP, and there were four chemicals that existed in MP but not in FC (Table 1 and Figure 2C). According to the detected area of each compound (Table 1), we suggested the characteristic chemicals detected in FC, whose peak area were higher than 107, including O-methylpongaglabol (10), millettocalyxin C (13), pongamol (14), pinnatin (17), pachycarin A (18), 6-hydroxy-3-methoxy-6'',6''-dimethyl-pyrano[2'',3'':7,8]flavone (19), pachycarin C (22), 3',4'-dimethoxy[2",3":7,8]furanoflavone (25), cauliflorin A (26), 3,6-dimethoxyfurano[7,8:2'',3'']falvone (31) and isoderricin A (41), could be used to differentiate FC from MP.
However, the peak area ratio of karanjachromene (40) calculated from extracted ion chromatograms (EICs) of FC and MP was 103:1, so maybe this is the reason why karanjachromene was not detected in MP by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (QqQ-MS).
Besides karanjin, karanjachromene was found to possess significant antioxidant activity [29]. Few pharmacological activities were reported for pachycarin A, 3',4'-dimethoxy[2",3": 7,8]furanoflavone and isoderricin A, even though they have been known for years. However, previous researchers showed that furanoflavones can be used as antibrowning agents [30] and can also have antioxidant and radical quenching activities [31]. Pyranoflavones have antimycobacterial [32] and cytotoxic activities [33], and so on. Such information can give us clues that furanoflavones and pyranoflavones play very important roles in FC and MP. Nowadays, flavonoids are famous for their various medical efficacies, such as cardioprotective effects, antithrombotic and vasoprotective effects, antioxidation and anti-aging activies, anti-inflammatory activities [29]. Thus, the therapeutic functions of FC and MP as treatment for stroke, dementia in children and Alzheimer’s disease may be due to their richness in flavonoids, but more experiments will need to be performed in order to prove this.
Table
Table 1. Characterization of compounds detected in Fordiae Cauliflorae Radix (FC) and Millettiae Pulchrae Radix (MP) extract by HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn.
Table 1. Characterization of compounds detected in Fordiae Cauliflorae Radix (FC) and Millettiae Pulchrae Radix (MP) extract by HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn.
No.t R (min)FormulaPI meas. (Da)PI pred. (Da)Error (ppm)Major Fragments Ions (PI)IdentificationPeak Area in FCPeak Area in MP
1 b6.63C16H12O5285.0755285.06850.9270.0499,253.0451, 225.0499, 214.0645, 137.0235(−)-Maackiain [24]303223186752
2 b6.88C18H16O6329.1038329.10205.5314.0747, 299.0560, 191.0764, 167.0669, 147.0428(6S,6aS,11aR)-6α-Methoxy-pterocarpin [24]-691251
3 a7.46C15H10O4255.0642255.0652−1236.0764, 199.0781, 181.0618, 153.0712, 137.0171, 121.02227,4'-Dihydroxyisoflavone [21]1124746148674
48.64C18H12O5309.0756309.0758−0.2294.0495, 238.0635, 192.0049,176.0118, 164.0106Pongapinnol D [34] 760606-
58.72C19H14O6339.0844339.0863−1.9324.0552, 323.0544, 321.0394, 295.0583, 293.0442, 278.0568,181.0639Milletenin B [25]1482047-
69.27C17H14O4283.0948283.0956−1.7267.0627, 239.0704, 137.02775-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-6-methylflavone [26]630180-
7 b9.312C17H14O5299.0998299.0914−3.0284.0681, 257.8259, 174.0634Pterocarpin [24]1885294-
8 a10.26C18H12O5309.0749309.0758−0.9294.0496, 266.0575, 210.0791, 161.0244Pongapinnol C [18]7681020-
910.59C19H14O6339.0848339.0863−1.5324.0619, 309.0375, 281.0413, 279.0628, 179.0845, 161.02453'-Hydroxy,4',5'-dimethoxy furano[2'',3'':7,6]flavone [35]5349406-
10 a10.98C18H12O4293.0801293.0808−0.7278.0560, 250.0590, 222.0635, 194.0715, 176.0103, 148.0139O-Methylpongaglabol [17]60114615-
11 a11.32C20H18O5339.1128339.10745.4324.0609, 205.0487, 190.0239, 175.0041, 161.0584β,2',5'-Trimethoxyfurano-[4'',5'':3',4']chalcone [22]8167359-
12 a11.57C16H12O4269.0800269.07363.1254.0576, 253.0494, 237.0542, 209.0716, 181.0674, 137.02347-Hydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone [21]4302864828786
1312.11C19H14O5323.0899323.0914−1.5307.0601, 305.0447, 279.0641, 277.0481, 261.0529, 161.0215, 145.0280Millettocalyxin C [36]57681679-
14 b12.22C18H14O4295.0929295.0965−3.6279.0843, 267.4780, 191.0352, 176.0113Pongamol [23]61222600-
1512.28C17H10O4279.0670279.06521.8205.0783, 176.0095, 149.02317-Hydroxyfurano[2'',3'':5,6]flavone [20]4101706-
1613.14C18H10O4291.0649291.0652−0.3263.0673, 235.0749, 217.0628, 207.0798, 179.0848Pongarotene [28]-5862765
17 a13.37C18H12O4293.0794293.0808−1.4278.0559, 250.0599, 222.0630, 194.0718, 176.0100, 148.0157Pinnatin [18]76746797-
18 a13.65C20H16O6353.1071353.10205.1338.0765, 323.0557, 295.0576, 277.0497, 161.0209, 145.0294Pachycarin A [15]97471101-
19 a13.75C21H18O5351.1158351.1227−6.9321.0751, 305.0864, 293.0823, 279.06856-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-6'',6''-dimethylpyrano[2'',3'':7,8]flavone [21]64574503-
2014.14C19H16O5325.1068325.1071−0.3191.0332, 176.0125, 135.07952'-Hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyfurano[4',3':2'',3'']chalcone [37]6747619-
2114.20C19H16O4309.1126309.11210.5175.0380, 160.013O-Methylpongamol [38]1292486517877802
2215.02C21H18O7383.1173383.1125−0.8368.0868, 353.0663, 321.0431, 307.0594, 293.0445, 279.0647Pachycarin C [19]31970912-
23 a15.34C17H10O3263.0682263.0703−2.1207.0795, 178.0780, 161.0230, 133.0248, 129.0342, 105.0352Lanceolatin B [27]3647009012225716
2415.57C19H16O4309.1111309.1121−1.0175.0376, 160.0171Isomer of O-Methylpongamol757311-
25 a15.95C19H14O5323.0909323.0914−0.4308.0641, 293.0442, 265.0492, 237.0542, 181.0649, 163.0784, 161.02303',4'-Dimethoxy[2",3":7,8]-furanoflavone [15]140956269-
26 a16.57C18H12O4293.0796293.0808−1.2250.0607, 182.0709, 161.0231,
153.0682		Cauliflorin A [18]85623000-
2716.73C19H16O5325.1068325.1071−0.3191.0331, 176.0125, 135.0795Dihydroovalitenin C [39]7231422-
2817.07C19H16O4309.1112309.1121−0.9175.0390, 160.0111Isomer of O-Methylpongamol4454801-
29 a,b17.67C18H12O4293.0796293.0808−1.2278.0653, 277.0495, 249.0532, 221.0587, 205.0668, 193.0633, 161.0215Karanjin [16]9775187983932212
3017.98C21H18O4335.1268335.1278−1.0305.0791, 203.0344, 175.0358, 159.0459, 135.0426Isopongaflavone [40]89709511229663
3118.38C19H14O5323.0901323.0914−1.3307.0588, 292.0462, 279.0613, 264.0484,173.0247, 161.0195, 145.02663,6-Dimethoxyfurano-[7,8:2'',3'']falvone [41]40394167-
3219.25C23H24O5381.1695381.1697−0.2247.0951, 217.1648, 215.0691, 161.0588, 159.08103'- O-Methylpraecansone B [42]-4875446
33 a19.54C21H20O4337.1428337.1434−0.6305.1085, 233.0792, 193.0433, 191.0368, 163.03737-Methoxy-8-(3''-hydroxy-3''-methyl-1''-butenyl)-flavone [27]9062891863827
34 a20.47C22H20O5365.1374365.1384−1.0335.0896, 292.0686, 277.0488, 235.0713, 217.0450, 135.05293,6-Dimethoxy-6'',6''-dimethyl-pyrano [2'',3'':7,8]flavone [21]4240276-
3520.63C18H14O3279.0996279.1016−2.0205.034, 175.0371, 149.0230Ovalitenin A [43]-3619252
3621.29C22H20O5365.1382365.13840.6335.0899, 320.0646, 292.0768, 263.0679, 247.0674, 236.08285-Methoxykaranjachromene [44]1605015-
3722.50C22H22O4351.1562351.1591−2.9217.0853,175.0415, 161.0595, 147.0450, 115.04644',7-Dimethoxy-8-prenyl-isoflavone [45]5349783526648
38 a23.11C20H16O3305.1163305.1172−0.9287.1093, 187.03676'',6''-Dimethylpyrano[2'',3'':7,8]flavone [46]329759556639448
39 a23.80C17H10O4279.0641279.0652−1.1251.0669, 177.0142, 149.0236, 121.0246Pongaglabol [15]4677607-
40 a24.54C21H18O4335.1270335.1278−0.8317.1153, 305.0808, 274.0978, 187.0387, 159.0401, 131.0489Karanjachromene [15]75652383734535
41 a26.33C21H22O3323.1617323.1642−2.5179.0712, 163.0395, 145.1034,133.0274Isoderricin A [47]40392988-
Notes: a reported in FC; b reported in MP; -, not detected.
The HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn method adopted in this study was confirmed to be a powerful method to preliminarily evaluate the ingredients in highly complex Chinese medicine extracts, especially folk medicines and other medicinal plants.

3. Experimental

3.1. Reagents and Materials

Pachycarin A (18), 3',4'-dimethoxy[2",3":7,8]furanoflavone (25), karanjin (29), pongaglabol (39), karanjachromene (40) and isoderricin A (41) were separated and purified in our laboratory (98%, as determined by HPLC). The chemical structures of the six reference compounds are shown in Figure 3.
Analytical grade methanol and chromatographic grade acetonitrile were purchased from Labscan (Bangkok, Thailand), chromatographic grade formic acid was purchased from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Deionized water was obtained from a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).

3.2. Plant Material

The sample of Fordia cauliflora Hemsl were collected on 12 September 2010, and identified by Professor Shou-Yang Liu (Guangxi TCM University). The root of Millettia pulchra (Benth.) Kurz var. laxior (Dunn) Z. Wei was collected and identified by professor Ren-Bin Huang (Guangxi Medical University). Voucher specimens are kept in Guangxi Botanic Garden of Medicinal Plant.

3.3. Preparation of Sample Solutions

Representative samples were ground into powder and passed through a 40 mesh sieve. Sample powder (0.2 g) was accurately weighed and transferred into a 50-mL centrifuge tube. Methanol (20 mL) was added and the mixture was sonicated at room temperature for 30 min. The extract was centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was filtered with a 0.22 μm filter and injected into the HPLC system.

3.4. HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn

High performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector and combined with electrospray ionization ion trap time-of-flight multistage mass spectrometry (HPLC–DAD–ESI-IT-TOF-MSn) analyses were performed with a Shimadzu LCMS-IT-TOF instrument, which was composed of two LC-20AD pumps, an SIL-20AC autosampler, a CTO-20A column oven, an SPD-M20A PDA detector, a CBM-20A system controller, an ESI ion source, and an IT-TOF mass spectrometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). For chromatographic separation, a Dionex Acclaim® PolarAdvantage II C18 LC Column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid (v/v) (A) and acetonitrile (B) using a gradient program of 50%–58% B in 0–17 min, 58%–70% B in 17–20 min, 70%–85% B in 20–26 min, and 85%–90% B in 26–30 min. The solvent flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, the column temperature was set to 40 °C. PDA detector wavelength: 258 nm. A volume of 25 μL was injected into the HPLC-IT-TOF-MS system.
The conditions of ESI-IT-TOF-MSn analysis were listed below: (1) flow rate: 0.2000 mL/min (split from 1.0000 mL/min HPLC effluent); (2) detection mode: positive ion (PI) and negative ion (NI); (3) mass range: MS m/z 100–1,000, MS2 and MS3, m/z 50–1,000; (4) heat block and curved desolvation line temperature: 250 °C; nebulizing nitrogen gas flow: 1.5 L/min; Interface voltage: (+), 4.5 kV; (−), −3.5 kV; detector voltage: 1.70 kV; ion accumulation time: 20 ms; relative collision-induced dissociation energy: 50%; (5) MS2 and MS3 fragmentation were performed by a data-dependent program; (6) All data were recorded and analyzed by Shimadzu software: LCMS solution Version 3.60, Formula Predictor Version 1.2, and Accurate Mass; (7) a trifluoroacetic acid sodium solution (2.5 mM) was used to calibrate the mass range from 50 to 1,000 Da.

4. Conclusions

In the present study, the HPLC-DAD-IT-TOF-MSn technique was used for rapid identification of multiple constituents in the two folk medicines, Fordiae Cauliflorae Radix and Millettiae Pulchrae Radix. As a result, a total of 41 flavonoids were successfully separated and identified, the chemical characteristics of FC and MP were elucidated respectively, resulting in the characterization of both medicines. The present study, compared with the previous studies, showed differences or improvements as follows: first of all, it is the first report of the use of the HPLC-DAD-IT-TOF-MSn method for detecting the chemical constituents in the folk medicines Fordiae Cauliflorae Radix and Millettiae Pulchrae Radix, and to characterize their chemical constituents in details. Furthermore, according to the interpretation of their mass data obtained from HPLC-DAD-IT-TOF-MSn analysis and also taking into account the data provided by the six reference standards and the established in-house library, a total of 41 constituents were systematically characterized and identified in a single run. 41 flavanoids, including two isoflavones (two known), three pterocarpans (three known), one rotenoid, 10 chalcones (two known), 14 furanoflavones (nine known), seven pyranoflavones (four known), two flavones (one known), and two flavonones (one known) were tentatively identified. This is the first report of 19 of these chemicals from these two medicines. Thirdly, the 1,3A+ ion resulted from the RDA cleavage of C ring, m/z 161.0228 (C9H5O3) was the characteristic fragment ion of furanoflavones, while the RDA cleavage 1,4A+ fragment, m/z 187.0382 (C11H6O3+) was the characteristic fragment ion for pyranoflavones; which provided important clues for the identification of major flavonoids. Finally and most importantly, the two ethomedicines could be unambiguously distinguished by the results. The identification results showed that the compounds O-methylpongaglabol (10), millettocalyxin C (13), pongamol (14), pinnatin (17), pachycarin A (18), 6-hydroxy-3-methoxy-6'',6''-dimethyl-pyrano[2'',3'':7,8]flavone (19), pachycarin C (22), 3',4'-dimethoxy[2",3":7,8]furanoflavone (25), cauliflorin A (26), 3,6-dimethoxyfurano[7,8:2'',3'']flavone (31) and isoderricin A (41) can be used to distinguish FC from MP. The results also indicated that the HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn technique is rapid and effective for structural characterization of chemical constituents in folk medicines. This work has provided comprehensive information for further quality evaluation and pharmacokinetic studies of FC and MP.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials can be accessed at: https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/18/12/15134/s1.

Acknowledgments

This research was financially supported by the Health Department of Guangxi province (Zhong2010111, Z2010175), Guangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (GZKZ1131), and Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant (201109). The authors would like to thank Bin Dai at Guangxi Institute of Minority Nationality Medicine and Pharmacology for providing the plant photos of FC and MP. The authors would also like to thank Dev Sooranna, Imperial College London, for helping to edit the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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  • Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds pachycarin A, 3',4'-dimethoxy[2",3":7,8]furanoflavone, karanjin, pongaglabol, karanjachromene and isoderricin A are available from the authors.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Fan, L.-L.; Yi, T.; Xu, F.; Zhang, Y.-Z.; Zhang, J.-Y.; Li, D.-P.; Xie, Y.-J.; Qin, S.-D.; Chen, H.-B. Characterization of Flavonoids in the Ethomedicine Fordiae Cauliflorae Radix and Its Adulterant Millettiae Pulchrae Radix by HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn. Molecules 2013, 18, 15134-15152. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181215134

AMA Style

Fan L-L, Yi T, Xu F, Zhang Y-Z, Zhang J-Y, Li D-P, Xie Y-J, Qin S-D, Chen H-B. Characterization of Flavonoids in the Ethomedicine Fordiae Cauliflorae Radix and Its Adulterant Millettiae Pulchrae Radix by HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn. Molecules. 2013; 18(12):15134-15152. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181215134

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fan, Lan-Lan, Tao Yi, Feng Xu, Ya-Zhou Zhang, Jian-Ye Zhang, Dian-Peng Li, Yang-Jiao Xie, Shan-Ding Qin, and Hu-Biao Chen. 2013. "Characterization of Flavonoids in the Ethomedicine Fordiae Cauliflorae Radix and Its Adulterant Millettiae Pulchrae Radix by HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn" Molecules 18, no. 12: 15134-15152. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181215134

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