Investigation on the Protective Effects of Cranberry Against the DNA Damage Induced by Benzo[a]pyrene
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
Day | Control | CEE 800 mg/kg | B[a]P 200 mg/kg | CEE + B[a]P 200 + 200 mg/kg | CEE + B[a]P 400 + 200 mg/kg | CEE + B[a]P 800 + 200 mg/kg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment period | ||||||
0 | 23.39 ± 2.59 | 23.59 ± 1.29 | 23.29 ± 0.68 | 23.12 ± 0.83 | 23.62 ± 0.68 | 23.32 ± 1.50 |
1 | 25.55 ± 2.32 | 24.65 ± 1.93 | 24.75 ± 1.03 | 24.05 ± 0.72 | 24.05 ± 1.35 | 24.75 ± 0.84 |
2 | 26.05 ± 2.46 | 26.80 ± 1.79 | 25.66 ± 0.99 | 26.02 ± 0.71 | 25.99 ± 1.43 | 25.26 ± 0.82 |
3 | 26.79 ± 1.71 | 26.29 ± 1.99 | 26.66 ± 1.10 | 26.71 ± 0.86 | 26.29 ± 0.19 | 26.29 ± 0.38 |
4 | 27.02 ± 2.02 | 27.52 ± 1.94 | 27.02 ± 0.96 | 27.33 ± 0.87 | 27.41 ± 1.34 | 27.13 ± 0.63 |
5 | 27.14 ± 2.22 | 27.84 ± 1.96 | 27.91 ± 0.92 | 28.21 ± 1.33 | 27.91 ± 0.15 | 27.13 ± 0.63 |
6 | 28.69 ± 2.57 | 28.41 ± 1.80 | 29.70 ± 0.83 | 29.21 ± 1.07 | 29.21 ± 1.47 | 29.11 ± 0.16 |
7 | 29.21 ± 2.50 | 29.51 ± 1.84 | 30.83 ± 1.40 | 30.59 ± 0.37 | 29.33 ± 1.39 | 29.98 ± 0.20 |
8 | 29.98 ± 2.48 | 29.51 ± 1.88 | 31.99 ± 1.33 a | 31.23 ± 1.69 | 31.23 ± 1.11 | 30.02 ± 0.20 |
Recovery period | ||||||
9 | 30.59 ± 2.82 | 30.78 ± 2.13 | 32.79 ± 1.51 a | 32.59 ± 1.54 a | 31.23 ± 1.11 | 30.83 ± 0.10 b |
10 | 31.69 ± 3.02 | 31.89 ± 2.83 | 33.13 ± 0.60 a | 32.79 ± 0.86 | 33.03 ± 1.25 | 31.89 ± 1.18 |
11 | 32.89 ± 3.10 | 32.33 ± 2.83 | 33.23 ± 1.26 | 33.63 ± 0.16 | 33.11 ± 1.15 | 32.40 ± 0.11 |
12 | 34.93 ± 3.10 | 34.79 ± 2.83 | 35.20 ± 0.26 | 35.02 ± 0.36 | 34.12 ± 1.05 | 34.50 ± 0.74 |
13 | 34.93 ± 3.14 | 35.20 ± 2.53 | 35.12 ± 1.16 | 35.50 ± 0.60 | 35.20 ± 0.21 | 34.50 ± 0.74 |
14 | 36.13 ± 3.25 | 35.93 ± 2.34 | 36.02 ± 1.21 | 36.02 ± 0.19 | 35.50 ± 0.12 | 35.93 ± 1.80 |
Day | Control | CEE 800 mg/kg | B[a]P 200 mg/kg | CEE + B[a]P 200 + 200 mg/kg | CEE + B[a]P 400 + 200 mg/kg | CEE + B[a]P 800 + 200 mg/kg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment period | ||||||
0 | 2.91 ± 0.08 | 3.00 ± 0.0 | 2.82 ± 0.08 | 2.97 ± 0.12 | 3.07 ± 0.0 | 3.03 ± 0.01 |
1 | 2.98 ± 0.12 | 3.00 ± 0.07 | 3.05 ± 0.26 | 3.08 ± 0.36 | 3.10 ± 0.02 | 3.09 ± 0.08 |
2 | 3.03 ± 0.09 | 3.03 ± 0.04 | 3.06 ± 0.22 | 3.16 ± 0.09 | 3.17 ± 0.07 | 3.13 ± 0.14 |
3 | 3.13 ± 0.12 | 3.10 ± 0.07 | 3.19 ± 0.26 | 3.17 ± 0.11 | 3.19 ± 0.01 | 3.18 ± 0.17 |
4 | 3.25 ± 0.12 | 3.16 ± 0.07 | 3.20 ± 0.26 | 3.22 ± 0.11 | 3.19 ± 0.01 | 3.20 ± 0.26 |
5 | 3.35 ± 0.12 | 3.33 ± 0.07 | 3.30 ± 0.26 | 3.32 ± 0.11 | 3.37 ± 0.01 | 3.35 ± 0.17 |
6 | 3.50 ± 0.09 | 3.48 ± 0.26 | 3.69 ± 0.22 | 3.66 ± 0.09 | 3.44 ± 0.02 | 3.47 ± 0.04 |
7 | 3.57 ± 0.23 | 3.60 ± 0.08 | 3.82 ± 0.41 | 3.79 ± 0.05 | 3.52 ± 0.02 | 3.55 ± 0.04 |
8 | 4.02 ± 0.30 | 3.95 ± 0.26 b | 4.12 ± 0.22 ª | 4.12 ± 0.10 ª | 3.91 ± 0.01b | 3.90 ± 0.07 b |
Recovery period | ||||||
9 | 4.07 ± 0.30 | 3.98 ± 0.26 | 4.12 ± 0.26 | 4.06 ± 0.30 | 3.99 ± 0.26 | 4.00 ± 0.17 |
10 | 4.08 ± 0.10 | 4.02 ± 0.04 | 4.10 ± 0.36 | 4.00 ± 0.14 | 4.03 ± 0.22 | 4.05 ± 0.05 |
11 | 4.06 ± 0.23 | 4.04 ± 0.23 | 4.09 ± 0.24 | 3.99 ± 0.17 | 4.04 ± 0.11 | 4.02 ± 0.07 |
12 | 4.00 ± 0.07 | 4.06 ± 0.01 | 4.05 ± 0.14 | 4.01 ± 0.04 | 4.02 ± 0.07 | 3.99 ± 0.12 |
13 | 3.99 ± 0.11 | 3.97 ± 0.10 | 3.98 ± 0.07 | 4.03 ± 0.07 | 3.98 ± 0.04 | 4.03 ± 0.01 |
14 | 4.02 ± 0.09 | 4.08 ± 0.02 | 4.00 ± 0.02 | 4.03 ± 0.0 | 4.00 ± 0.01 | 4.06 ± 0.02 |
Day/hours | Control | CEE 800 mg/kg | B[a]P 200 mg/kg | CEE + B[a]P 200 + 200 mg/kg | CEE + B[a]P 400 + 200 mg/kg | CEE + B[a]P 800 + 200 mg/kg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment period | ||||||
0/0 | 0.75 ± 0.34 | 0.66 ± 0.16 | 0.66 ± 0.21 | 0.83 ± 0.16 | 0.66 ± 0.21 | 0.66 ± 0.21 |
2/48 | 1.00 ± 0.21 | 0.16 ± 0.21 | 1.50 ± 0.56 | 1.33 ± 0.21 | 1.50 ± 0.21 | 1.33 ± 0.22 |
4/96 | 0.50 ± 0.21 | 0.16 ± 0.16 | 3.60 ± 0.42 a | 3.50 ± 0.22 | 3.00 ± 0.10 | 2.33 ± 0.16 b |
6/144 | 0.75 ± 0.34 | 0.50 ± 0.16 | 4.83 ± 0.30 a | 3.33 ± 0.22 b | 3.33 ± 0.16 b | 2.50 ± 0.25 b |
8/192 | 1.00 ± 0.36 | 1.00 ± 0.16 | 4.83 ± 0.33 a | 4.33 ± 0.22 b | 2.50 ± 0.21 b | 1.65 ± 0.33 b |
Recovery period | ||||||
10/240 | 0.16 ± 0.40 | 0.16 ± 0.22 | 2.50 ± 0.21 a | 1.33 ± 0.42 b | 0.86 ± 0.56 b | 1.33 ± 0.16 b |
12/288 | 1.00 ± 0.21 | 1.00 ± 0.16 | 1.50 ± 0.42 | 0.16 ± 0.22 | 0.66 ± 0.21 | 0.66 ± 0.34 |
14/336 | 1.00 ± 0.34 | 0.83 ± 0.30 | 1.00 ± 0.56 | 0.50 ± 0.22 | 0.16 ± 0.16 | 0.50 ± 0.25 |
Day/hours | Control | CEE 800 mg/kg | B[a]P 200 mg/kg | CEE + B[a]P 200 + 200 mg/kg | CEE + B[a]P 400 + 200 mg/kg | CEE + B[a]P 800 + 200 mg/kg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment period | ||||||
0/0 | 0.010 ± 0.001 | 0.012 ± 0.001 | 0.010 ± 0.001 | 0.012 ± 0.001 | 0.011 ± 0.001 | 0.009 ± 0.0009 |
2/48 | 0.008 ± 0.0008 | 0.011 ± 0.001 | 0.006 ± 0.008 | 0.008 ± 0.0009 | 0.008 ± 0.001 | 0.009 ± 0.0003 |
4/96 | 0.010 ± 0.0004 | 0.013 ± 0.002 | 0.003 ± 0.008 a | 0.005 ± 0.001 | 0.006 ± 0.0009 b | 0.008 ± 0.0009 b |
6/144 | 0.010 ± 0.001 | 0.013 ± 0.001 | 0.003 ± 0.0007 a | 0.005 ± 0.0005 | 0.004 ± 0.001 b | 0.008 ± 0.0002 b |
8/192 | 0.010 ± 0.0007 | 0.010 ± 0.0009 | 0.003 ± 0.0007 a | 0.004 ± 0.0006 b | 0.004 ± 0.001 b | 0.008 ± 0.001 b |
Recovery period | ||||||
10/240 | 0.011 ± 0.001 | 0.014 ± 0.0025 | 0.007 ± 0.001 a | 0.009 ± 0.001 | 0.010 ± 0.001 b | 0.009 ± 0.0009 |
12/288 | 0.010 ± 0.007 | 0.011 ± 0.009 | 0.011 ± 0.007 | 0.010 ± 0.006 | 0.011 ± 0.001 | 0.008 ± 0.001 |
14/336 | 0.011 ± 0.001 | 0.013 ± 0.001 | 0.011 ± 0.001 | 0.010 ± 0.001 | 0.012 ± 0.005 | 0.009 ± 0.0004 |
3. Discussion
4. Experimental
4.1. Chemicals
4.2. Animals
4.3. Experimental Determinations
4.3.1. Preparation of Cranberry Ethanolic Extract
4.3.2. LD50 of Cranberry Ethanolic Extract
4.3.3. Genotoxicity/Antigenotoxicity Protocols
5. Conclusions
- Samples Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.
References and Notes
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Madrigal-Santillán, E.; Fragoso-Antonio, S.; Valadez-Vega, C.; Solano-Solano, G.; Pérez, C.Z.; Sánchez-Gutiérrez, M.; Izquierdo-Vega, J.A.; Gutiérrez-Salinas, J.; Esquivel-Soto, J.; Esquivel-Chirino, C.; et al. Investigation on the Protective Effects of Cranberry Against the DNA Damage Induced by Benzo[a]pyrene. Molecules 2012, 17, 4435-4451. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17044435
Madrigal-Santillán E, Fragoso-Antonio S, Valadez-Vega C, Solano-Solano G, Pérez CZ, Sánchez-Gutiérrez M, Izquierdo-Vega JA, Gutiérrez-Salinas J, Esquivel-Soto J, Esquivel-Chirino C, et al. Investigation on the Protective Effects of Cranberry Against the DNA Damage Induced by Benzo[a]pyrene. Molecules. 2012; 17(4):4435-4451. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17044435
Chicago/Turabian StyleMadrigal-Santillán, Eduardo, Sonia Fragoso-Antonio, Carmen Valadez-Vega, Gloria Solano-Solano, Clara Zúñiga Pérez, Manuel Sánchez-Gutiérrez, Jeannett A. Izquierdo-Vega, José Gutiérrez-Salinas, Jaime Esquivel-Soto, César Esquivel-Chirino, and et al. 2012. "Investigation on the Protective Effects of Cranberry Against the DNA Damage Induced by Benzo[a]pyrene" Molecules 17, no. 4: 4435-4451. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17044435